New CMOS Realization of Voltage Differencing Buffered Amplifier and Its Biquad Filter Applications

In this paper, new biquad filter configuration using a recently introduced active element, namely Voltage Differencing Buffered Amplifier (VDBA), is proposed. This block has high impedance input terminals and low impedance output terminal, providing advantages at voltage mode circuits. Besides, VDBA has a transconductance gain, thus the proposed circuits can be employed without using any external resistors. Two new voltage-mode biquad filter configurations are presented for VDBA application. Each proposed filter employs two active elements and two or three passive components. Filters, having three inputs and single output, can realize voltage-mode low-pass, band-pass, high-pass, band-stop, and all-pass filters. The biquad filters have low output impedances that is necessity for cascadability for voltage mode circuits, and no critical component matching conditions are required. For the second biquad, quality factor can be adjusted via resistor independently of the natural frequency. Simulation results are given to, confirming the theoretical analysis. The proposed biquad filters are simulated using TSMC CMOS 0.35 µm technology. LTSPICE simulations of the proposed circuits give results that agree well with the theoretical analysis

New Simple CMOS Realization of Voltage Differencing Transconductance Amplifier and Its RF Filter Application

The voltage differencing transconductance amplifier (VDTA) is a recently introduced active element for analog signal processing. However, the realization of VDTA is not given by any author yet. In this work, a new and simple CMOS realization of VDTA is presented. The proposed block has two voltage inputs and two kinds of current output, so it is functional for voltage- and transconductance-mode operation. Furthermore, VDTA exhibits two different values of transconductance so that there is no need to external resistors for VDTA based applications which seems to be a good advantage for analog circuit designer. A CMOS implementation of VDTA and a voltage-mode VDTA based filter are proposed and simulated. An application example of fourth order flat-band band-pass amplifier is given and the performance of the circuit is demonstrated by comparing the theory and simulation

DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF DIABETIC FOOT ULCERS

Diyabetik ayak ülserleri diyabetin sık görülen ve ciddi bir kronik komplikasyonudur. Diyabetikayak ülserleri diyabetik hastalarda önemli bir morbidite ve mortalite nedenidir. Diyabetikayak ülserlerinin izlem ve tedavisi periferik arter hastalığı, nöropati, travma ve enfeksiyongibi ilişkili nedenler doğrultusunda bireyselleştirilmelidir. Cerrahi ve cerrahi dışı temel yarabakımı prensipleri bu yaraların etkin bir şekilde iyileşmesinde vazgeçilmez bir unsurdur.Ayak ülseri oluşumunun önlenmesi de tedavisi kadar önemlidir ve diyabetin bu ciddikomplikasyonuna karşı en ekonomik yaklaşımıdır. Bu yazıda diyabetik ayak ülserleri nedenlerive patofizyolojisi birlikte incelenmiş, klinik değerlendirme ve tedavi seçenekleri gözdengeçirilmiştir.Diabetic foot ulcers are common and serious chronic complications of diabetes. They are animportant cause of mortality and morbidity. The management of diabetic foot ulcers shouldbe individualized according to the causes of the ulcer such as peripheral arterial disease,neuropathy, pressure trauma, and infection. Basic principles of wound care, includingsurgical and nonsurgical components, are essential to effective healing of these wounds.Prevention of foot ulceration is also important, and the most cost-effective strategy formanaging this serious complication of diabetes. In this article, we performed a review ofdiabetic foot ulcers in terms of its causes, pathophysiology, clinical approach andmanagement

Montelukast jest skutecznym lekiem w zapobieganiu zespołowi hiperstymulacji jajników: badania eksperymentalne

Objectives: To determine the efficacy of montelukast in comparison with cabergoline in the prevention of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) in rats. Material and methods: An experimental OHSS model was formed in 35 female Wistar rats. Rats (22 days old) were randomized into 5 groups, each containing 7 animals. The control group received no therapy; the mild OHSS group was administered pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) 10 IU for 4 days, hCG 10 IU on the 5th day; the severe OHSS group received PMSG 10 IU for 4 days, hCG 30 IU on the 5th day. The montelukast group: received montelukast 10 mg/kg/day and the cabergoline group was administered cabergoline 100μg/kg/day via oral gavage for 6 days (days 22–27), in addition to those of severe OHSS. All groups were sacrificed on 28th day. Body weight, ovarian diameter and weight, vascular permeability, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), semiquantitative VEGF receptor-1, and VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) immunohistochemistry were evaluated. Results: Ovarian diameter and VEGF expression were significantly lower in the montelukast and cabergoline groups than in the severe OHSS group. While montelukast was more effective in limiting vascular permeability in the severe OHSS, cabergoline was superior to montelukast with respect to the limiting effect on increased body weight and VEGFR-2 expression. Conclusions: The VEGF/VEGFR-2 interaction plays an important role in OHSS pathogenesis. Montelukast limits VEGF expression, and cabergoline reduces both VEGF and VEGFR-2 expressions; they are both effective therapies for the prevention of severe OHSS.Cel: Ocena skuteczności montelukastu w porównaniu z kabergoliną w zapobieganiu zespołowi hiperstymulacji jajników (OHSS) u szczurów. Materiał i metoda: Model doświadczalny OHSS stanowiło 35szczurów rasy Wistar, płci żeńskiej. Szczury (22 dniowe) podzielono na 5 grup, każda zawierająca 7 zwierząt. Grupa kontrolna nie otrzymała żadnej terapii. Grupa z łagodnym OHSS otrzymała gonadotropinę z surowicy ciężarnych klaczy (PMSG) w ilości 10IU przez 4 dni, hCG 10IU w 5 dniu, grupa z ciężkim OHSS otrzymała PMSG 10IU przez 4 dni, hCG 30IU w 5 dniu. Grupa z montelukastem otrzymała montelukast w dawce 10mg/kg/dzień a grupa z kabergoliną otrzymała kabergolinę 100μg/kg/dzień przez doustny zgłębnik przez 6 dni (dni 22-27). Wszystkie zwierzęta zabito w 28 dniu. Oceniono masę ciała, wymiar i wagę jajników, przepuszczalność naczyń, czynnik wzrostu śródbłonka naczyń (VEGF) oraz w immunohistochemii półilościowo receptor – 1 VEGF i receptor-2 VEGF. Wyniki: Wymiar jajnika oraz ekspresja VEGF były istotnie niższe w grupach z monelukastem i kabergoliną niż w grupie z ciężkim OHSS. Podczas gdy montelukast był bardziej skuteczny w ograniczaniu przepuszczalności śródbłonków w ciężkim OHSS, to kabergolina okazała się lepsza od montelukastu po uwzględnieniu ograniczającego efektu zwiększonej masy ciała i ekspresji VEGFR-2. Wnioski: Wzajemne oddziaływanie VEGF/VEGFR-2 odgrywa istotną role w patogenezie OHSS. Montelukast ogranicza ekspresję VEGF, a kabergolina zmniejsza zarówno ekspresję VEGF jak i VEGFR-2; obie terapie są skuteczne w zapobieganiu ciężkiemu OHSS

Phytochemical profile and some biological activities of three Centaurea species from Turkey

Purpose: To characterise the phytochemical profile of whole plants of Centaurea balsamita, C. depressa and C. lycopifolia with LC-ESI-MS/MS, and as well as their antioxidant, anticholinesterase and antimicrobial activities.Methods: Organic and aqueous extracts of the three Centaurea species were evaluated for DPPH free radical, ABTS cation radical scavenging and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC). Acetyland butyryl-cholinesterase enzyme inhibition abilities of the extracts using petroleum ether, acetone, methanol and water were studied to determine anticholinesterase activity, while antimicrobial activity was determined by disc diffusion method using appropriate antimicrobial standards and organisms. The phytochemical components of the methanol extracts were assessed by LC-MS/MS.Results: The methanol extract of C. balsamita exhibited much higher DPPH free and ABTS cation radicals scavenging activities (with IC50 of 62.65 ± 0.97 and 24.21 ± 0.70 mg/ml, respectively) than the other extracts. The petroleum ether extracts of the plant species exhibited moderate inhibitory activity against butyrylcholinesterase enzymes while the acetone extract of C. balsamita showed good antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Quinic acid (17513 ± 813 μg/g, 63874 ± 3066 μg/g and 108234 ± 5195 μg/g) was the major compound found in the methanol extracts of C. balsamita, C. depressa and C. Lycopifolia, respectively.Conclusion: These results indicate quinic acid is the major compound in the three plant species and that Centaurea balsamita has significant antioxidant, anticholinesterase and antimicrobial properties. Further studies to identify the compounds in the extracts responsible for the activities are required.Keywords: Centaurea, LC-ESI-MS/MS, Anticholinesterase, Antioxidant, Antimicrobia

Two solar eclipses observations in Turkey

In thispap er, the changesin the ionosphere over Turkey due to two solar eclipses are reported. TEC on the eclipse day (26 April 1976) and the intensity of an HF radio wave during itspropagation over 567 km between Ankara and Elazıˇg on the eclipse day (11 August 1999) exhibited a very marked decrease

MAB21L1 loss of function causes a syndromic neurodevelopmental disorder with distinctive cerebellar, ocular, craniofacial and genital features (COFG syndrome).

BACKGROUND: Putative nucleotidyltransferase MAB21L1 is a member of an evolutionarily well-conserved family of the male abnormal 21 (MAB21)-like proteins. Little is known about the biochemical function of the protein; however, prior studies have shown essential roles for several aspects of embryonic development including the eye, midbrain, neural tube and reproductive organs. OBJECTIVE: A homozygous truncating variant in MAB21L1 has recently been described in a male affected by intellectual disability, scrotal agenesis, ophthalmological anomalies, cerebellar hypoplasia and facial dysmorphism. We employed a combination of exome sequencing and homozygosity mapping to identify the underlying genetic cause in subjects with similar phenotypic features descending from five unrelated consanguineous families. RESULTS: We identified four homozygous MAB21L1 loss of function variants (p.Glu281fs*20, p.Arg287Glufs*14 p.Tyr280* and p.Ser93Serfs*48) and one missense variant (p.Gln233Pro) in 10 affected individuals from 5 consanguineous families with a distinctive autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental syndrome. Cardinal features of this syndrome include a characteristic facial gestalt, corneal dystrophy, hairy nipples, underdeveloped labioscrotal folds and scrotum/scrotal agenesis as well as cerebellar hypoplasia with ataxia and variable microcephaly. CONCLUSION: This report defines an ultrarare but clinically recognisable Cerebello-Oculo-Facio-Genital syndrome associated with recessive MAB21L1 variants. Additionally, our findings further support the critical role of MAB21L1 in cerebellum, lens, genitalia and as craniofacial morphogenesis

Authoritarian Neoliberalism and Democratic Backsliding in Turkey: Beyond the Narratives of Progress

Unpacking the core themes that are discussed in this collection, this article both offers a research agenda to re-analyse Turkey’s ‘authoritarian turn’ and mounts a methodological challenge to the conceptual frameworks that reinforce a strict analytical separation between the ‘economic’ and the ‘political’ factors. The paper problematises the temporal break in scholarly analyses of the AKP period and rejects the argument that the party’s methods of governance have shifted from an earlier ‘democratic’ model – defined by ‘hegemony’ – to an emergent ‘authoritarian’ one. In contrast, by retracing the mechanisms of the state-led reproduction of neoliberalism since 2003, the paper demonstrates that the party’s earlier ‘hegemonic’ activities were also shaped by authoritarian tendencies which manifested at various levels of governance

C-REACTIVE PROTEIN LEVELS IN OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA PATIENTS

Amaç: Obstrüktif Uyku Apne Sendromu (OUAS)'u olan hastalarda C-Reaktif Protein (CRP)'in erken ateroskleozun saptanmasında kullanılması. Yöntemler: Çalışmaya Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi uyku bozukluğu polikliniğine başvuran, yaşları 20-66 arasında olan toplam 45 obez hasta alındı. Hastaların cinsiyet, yaş, boy, kilo değerleri saptandı. Vücut kitle indeksleri, bel / kalça oranları hesaplandı. Polisomnografi tetkiki yapıldı. OUAS'u olan hasta grubu ve OUAS'u olmayan kontrol grubu olarak iki gruba ayrıldı. Her iki grup hastadan açlık venöz kan örneği alınarak yüksek duyarlılıklı CRP düzeyleri ve lipid profilleri çalışıldı. B-mode dopler ultrasonografiyle karotis intima madia kalınlıkları ölçüldü. Bulgular: Kontrol grubunda yd-CRP düzeyleri 0,22 (0,01-0,57) mg/dl, OUAS'lı hasta grubundaysa 0,30 (0,05-1,52) mg/dl olarak bulundu, iki grup arasında istatiksel olarak anlamlı fark saptanmadı (p=0,300). Karotis İntima Media Kalınlığı (KİMK) ölçümleri değerlendirildiğinde her iki grup arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark saptandı (p=0,01). Bel / kalça oranları belirlenip, abdominal obezite açısından değerlendirildiğinde iki grup arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark gözlendi (p<0,01). AKŞ, TK ve LDL-K düzeylerinde de anlamlı fark saptandı (p=0,049, p=0,01 ve p=0,03). Sonuç: OUAS'lı hastalarda abdominal obezite, AKŞ, TK ve LDL-K düzeylerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark saptanması OUAS metabolik sendrom ilişkisi için varolan kanıtları doğruladı. Bununla birlikte, ölçülen CRP düzeylerinin OUAS'u hastalarında erken aterosklerozun gösterilmesinde iyi bir gösterge olmayabileceği belirlendi. Objective: To determine whether CRP can detect subclinic atherosclerosis in obstructive sleep apnea patients. Methods: Ages between 20-66, 45 obese patient who was have application to D.E.Ü. Medical Faculty sleep laboratory recruited to study. We determine sex, age, height and weight for all patients and calculate body mass index, waist / hip raito. Polisomnographia was done. Patient's divided in to two group's, whose PSG detected OSA constitute patients group and whose PSG not detected OSA constitude control group. We obtained fasting venous blood sample and measure HSCRP and lipid profiles. Carotis intima media thickness measured with B-mode doppler ultrasonography. Results: HSCRP found 0,22 (0,01-0,57) mg/dl in control group and 0,30 (0,05-1,52) mg/dl in OSA patients group, we didn't detect statistical significancy (p=0,300). When Carotid İntima Media Thickness (CIMT) measurements evaluated for each group, statistical significancy find (p=0,01). WHR determined and evaluated for abdominal obesity, statistical significancy found between two group (p<0,01). Also significant differece detected for FBG, TK and LDL-K (p=0,049, p=0,01 and p=0,03). Conclusion: Detected significant difference for abdominal obesity, FBG, TK and LDL-K levels in OSA patients confirmed existing evidence of relation eith sleep apnea and metabolic syndrome. Although we determined, measured HSCRP levels may not be a good marker for presenting subclinic atherosclerosis in OSA patients